Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has changed Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection into a chronic disease. HIV-infected patients live longer now, hence, several non-AIDS-associated morbidities are emerging.

The prevalence of bone disease is high among HIV-infected patients compared to uninfected subjects. HAART, chronic inflammation, the virus itself and traditional risk factors have been suggested to contribute to bone remodeling and loss.

In the present review we report the current data from the literature regarding risk factors for low bone mineral density and fractures in HIV-positive patients.